Looks like it is, from the paper:

Popper is named after Karl Poppper, whose idea of falsification [53] inspired our approach, as it did Shapiro’s MIS approach [61]. In fact, one can view our approach as Popper’s idea of falsification, where a failure is a refutation/falsification. In other words, in our approach, a learner deduces what hypotheses cannot be true and prunes them from the hypothesis space, leaving only hypotheses not yet refuted.

Black (walnut) Lives Matter

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I don’t think so. They’re still making the exact same revenue per sale on average. The cost isn’t relevant here, another way of looking at it is in the case the customer pays nothing they’ve lost the cost of the goods and the profit they would have otherwise made, so it evens out.

It works out well for the seller if, by providing the option to gamble on the product, they increase sales, which I would guess it would (at the expense of being morally grey).